Insulation for well masonry. Insulation of a house with well masonry

Well masonry - disadvantages and advantages of its use in the construction of modern residential buildings

Well masonry- This is a structure of three layers, in which the wall is laid out from a pair of separate walls having a thickness of no more than half a brick.

These walls are connected to each other by vertical and horizontal brick bridges, which form closed wells.

The inner layer is most often made of bricks or blocks, and the outer layer is made of ceramic stone, various types of bricks, silicate, as well as concrete and expanded clay concrete blocks.

Well masonry: Pros and Cons

Advantages of well masonry:

• Reduction in brick consumption by about 18% in relation to its continuous laying;
• Relatively small thickness and weight of the ceiling, which leads to savings on wall materials, and to soften requests to bearing capacity foundation;
• Correct calculations eliminate the danger of moisture condensation inside parts of the wall;
• It is not important to use “warm” masonry mortars;
• Economical ceramic and clinker bricks of the American format are acceptable as a constituent material used for the facing layer of walls;
• Fire resistance;
• Aesthetic, not required individual works and costs, finished building façade.

Disadvantages of well masonry:

• Helps reduce the strength of the building and disrupts uniformity.
• Promotes the formation of condensation on the walls of the home, especially in winter.
• It is extremely unstable to temperature changes and can lead to rapid destruction of insulation.

As you can see, there are no clear arguments in favor of choosing or not using this material, so you will have to make your own decision, but you already know what to expect from covering with well masonry.

Well masonry - disadvantages that cannot be ignored

Of course, well masonry has a number of advantages, the main one of which is cost-effectiveness.

But when constructing a large-scale project for a serious customer, before deciding to insulate the building with this particular masonry, you must take everything into account possible risks its use.

Therefore, we will list the main disadvantages of well masonry so that you understand what you may encounter during construction:

Lightweight well masonry

Lightweight well masonry is made of a pair of walls half a brick wide, between which insulating raw materials are located.

At intervals of 2-5 rows of masonry, the walls are connected with bonded rows. The thickness of the internal load-bearing walls reaches 25 cm. Partitions are placed in half a brick or a quarter. If the partition has a length of more than 1.5 m, then it is necessary to reinforce the masonry, for example with steel wire.

The voids formed between the masonry are filled with concrete, thus creating a durable structure that does not contain insulation.

This is an ideal option for non-residential premises, which do not require thermal insulation. The filling between the blocks is standard and is carried out in stages as the solution is filled and hardened.

Using universal waterproofing, you can achieve the desired heat concentration inside the structure. This will allow maximum insulation of the walls without increasing the mass of the slab. Lightweight masonry can be used in high-rise buildings, it is safe and quite easy to implement.

Well masonry with insulation

The issue of using insulation materials for well masonry deserves special attention.

The very idea of ​​using an insulating layer in the middle of a wall structure originated in the mid-twentieth century - various sawdust, moss and peat were used at that time as a means of insulation between brick walls.

Currently, it allows the use of almost any type of thermal insulation materials, however, when choosing it, it is necessary to take into account the impossibility of repair and restoration work.

Therefore, the main requirements for insulating materials are resistance to deformation and humidity. These requirements are fully met, and, as a rule, materials such as glass wool, mineral wool and polystyrene foam are often used.

It is also possible to use expanded clay and sawdust.

Should well masonry be used in construction?

We have voiced all the main characteristics of the use of well masonry in the construction of various buildings, and after studying the disadvantages and advantages, a conclusion is brewing - this material, of course, is easy to use and affordable in price, but the risks are too great and often unforeseen expenses, after discovering inaccuracies in the work, cover the expected benefits.

You can also watch the video: well masonry

Well masonry is a structural combination of three rows, in which the wall of the building is lined with a pair of separately located partitions having a thickness of no more than half a brick. These partitions, connected to each other by vertical and horizontal brick bridges, form closed wells. In this case, most often the inner layer is built from ordinary bricks or blocks, and the outer wall is made from ceramic stone or another type of brick (including silicate), expanded clay concrete or concrete block. Let's consider why such a structure is needed when building houses, what its pros and cons are, as well as how well brickwork is erected.

General information

It has been proven that such masonry (another name is English) can save brick consumption by an average of 15-20%. In addition, the use of well, or well, brick laying during construction residential buildings allows you to significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of walls.

The essence of this design, or rather, construction manipulation, is that only the inner and outer parts of the wall are built from brick to a specific thickness, and the builders lay heat-insulating material into the recess (well) thus formed between them. The filler in this design can be various types lightweight concrete, expanded clay, sawdust or slag, insulated polystyrene foam boards or mineral wool.

In order to achieve the required strength of the masonry, builders connect parallel partitions, as a rule, with transverse jumpers or diaphragms. They are made half a brick wide at a distance of up to 4 bricks from each other. Moreover, every 5-6 rows the masonry of the vertical lintel is reinforced. At the lowest level of the ceiling under the window diaphragms (2 rows apart), it is necessary to install horizontal stiffeners from the same reinforcing mesh, inserted into the outer and inner surfaces of the walls, and protect it all with a layer of cement concrete mortar.

Sometimes transverse jumpers are made from reinforcement rods with a diameter of 5-10 mm with curved ends. This manipulation helps prevent the appearance of cold bridges inside the well masonry, which, in turn, can significantly reduce the thermal insulation efficiency.

Pros and cons of well masonry

Like any building construction, well brickwork has its pros and cons. Therefore, when choosing a method for installing a brick structure, you should carefully weigh everything and choose your own construction technique for a specific case.

The positive aspects of well masonry include:

1. Reducing the load on the foundation of housing, i.e. When constructing such masonry, the total weight of the building is significantly reduced.
2. A noticeable reduction in the overall cost of construction and savings in building materials (including bricks).
3. Increasing the speed of installation of a brick structure.
4. The possibility of installing a building with an acceptable size of the main walls in full compliance with SNiP, that is, it is possible to build brick walls of a smaller thickness while maintaining thermal conductivity indicators or even reducing them. Allowable heat loss parameters are provided for wall thicknesses of no more than 65 cm.
5. Possibility of not insulating partitions.

The negative aspects of well masonry include:

1. Heterogeneity of the structure, as a result of which its capital density, that is, the strength of the building, decreases.
2. Probability of increased infiltration air masses through air spaces. In other words, installation is extremely vulnerable in terms of the formation of condensation on the walls of the building, especially in the cold season.
3. Instability to temperature changes, which can lead to rapid breaking of the insulation.
4. Difficulty in diagnosing the condition of insulation during operation.

The disadvantages of such masonry can be eliminated or reduced by observing the following rules:

1. Properly calculate and arrange both horizontal and vertical diaphragms.
2. Install a vapor barrier layer inside the “well”, because the insulation laid in it can absorb condensation, and also leave a filter-ventilation gap of at least 10 mm, or use insulation that will not be affected by condensation.
3. Use a material with a high degree of heat resistance as insulation.

well laying diagram

Technology of installation or arrangement of well masonry

General information about the method of arranging well masonry is as follows:

1. On the waterproofing layer of the base of the building in the transverse direction, it is necessary to lay 2 rows of well masonry bricks without gaps, close to each other.
2. Form 2 separately located well brick walls, separated by a distance of 130-140 mm. In this case, the cavity must be exactly the size needed to fill it with insulation.
3. Every 60-120 cm in the partitions of the building it is necessary to install transverse jumpers, preferably with their best location directly under the supports of the floor beams.
4. Apply wire ties to connect brickwork adjacent walls into one system.
5. When installing lintels, the distance between the bricks of the well masonry, which is approximately 25 mm, is later recommended to be filled with bulk insulation. The exception in this case is window and door openings, where the installation of bricks must be carried out “continuously”.
6. Upon completion of the installation of lightweight masonry in 3 layers, the bricks must be laid again tightly to each other. For the best adhesion of the structure, a reinforcing coating is made of metal mesh.
7. On the last layer of brickwork, beams are mounted, which will serve as supports for the lower purlins of the roof rafters and floor beams.
8. Installation of roll waterproofing completes the installation of well masonry.

Backfilling of the walls of a building is usually carried out after installing 5-6 tiers of bricks. This height is sufficient for subsequent filling of the mortar bridge. In this case, the well masonry, if it is filled with bulk materials, in order to avoid subsidence, must be tightly compacted through each layer of 300-500 mm and filled with mortar.

Heat conservation is the most important function of a building. The way it does it is important indicator quality of construction. Thickening the walls helps little; even in mid-latitudes it should be significant - more than two meters. It is clear that this method is unacceptable due to the cost of bricks, due to high pressure on the foundation. Well masonry with insulation is a way out. This new technology construction.

What is well masonry

Well masonry is a type of brick masonry in which a cavity is left between the inner and outer parts of the wall. It is filled with thermal insulation, which is made from bulk materials, expanded polystyrene slabs, lightweight concrete, mineral wool.

The strength of the structure is provided by the so-called diaphragms. These are brick lintels connecting the outer and inner walls. Their thickness is approximately half a brick, they are located at a distance of four bricks from each other.

In addition, these vertical diaphragms are reinforced with mesh. It is laid across four rows of masonry. Also, for strength, stiffeners made of reinforcement are installed. They strengthen window lintels and ceilings. The ribs are brought under the inner and outer wall and protect with a solution.

The brick diaphragm, while imparting strength, noticeably reduces thermal insulation. Therefore, sometimes it is also made from reinforcement.

Application

Well masonry bricks are good for low-rise buildings. It turns out good combination costs, thermal insulation properties of the structure, labor intensity. The disadvantages of the method are compensated by a competent approach to the matter - accurate calculations and the right choice building materials.

Advantages

Well masonry of brick walls has a number of advantages:

• heat loss meets standards technical documentation with a wall thickness of 64 centimeters;
• the load on the foundation is reduced, its construction requires less materials and labor costs;
• masonry walls will also cost less, resulting in a reduction in the overall financial cost;
• the speed of construction will increase.

Flaws

The method has disadvantages:

• the structure is made up of different materials, therefore the building is less durable, capital indicators are reduced;
• condensation forms in the middle layer in cold weather;
• in the heat, the insulation may begin to deteriorate, and there is no possibility of replacing it;
• high labor intensity of the work performed.

The inner part of the wall is made of solid brick. Its thickness is from half to one and a half bricks. This depends on the required strength. Front side– decorative, it is made of special brick. The width of the well corresponds to the selected insulation, and the wall should have the same thickness of the internal and external parts.

The ligation of brick vertical diaphragms with longitudinal rows is done through one. If applicable bulk insulation, each layer is compacted and watered with solution every 50 centimeters. This is done to avoid subsidence. The insulation is backfilled after the six tiers are erected.

Materials and tools

Before starting work you need to prepare:

• brick and mortar for masonry;
• reinforcing mesh;
• heat insulator;
• plaster;
• trowel;
• plumb line;
• putty knife.

Sequence of work

Masonry with a well should not cause serious difficulties for a person minimally familiar with the work of a mason. But calculation, careful execution, and adherence to order are necessary:

1. Bricks are laid in two continuous rows on the waterproofing lying on the foundation. This will be the base of the “well”.
2. Next, parallel vertical layers are formed. The distance between them dictates the choice of insulation.
3. Vertical diaphragms are located approximately a meter apart. It is best if they are located under the floor beams.
4. Wire ties strengthen sections of the walls.
5. Door and window openings and the last rows of masonry are made entirely.
6. Install waterproofing. Preparations are underway for the installation of the roof.

Walls insulated in this way can be plastered. This will strengthen the structure and prevent the penetration of moisture into the insulation. This new technology is an undeservedly forgotten old one. In Rus' they built infill houses.

Today, all over the world, such a branch of the national economy as construction is developing at a rapid pace. Hundreds of new buildings and structures are built every year. The most loved and widespread building materials are the following: concrete, reinforced concrete, plastic, metal tiles, metal-plastic, brick. Brick is undoubtedly the most practical of them. Currently, bricklaying is constantly being modernized, and more and more new methods are appearing. Brick is used for these purposes. different types: full-bodied, hollow, single one-and-a-half, double. Brick is most often used for the construction of residential and public buildings, where the most important thing is maintaining an optimal indoor microclimate.

To insulate brickwork, you can use several options - slag, mineral wool, glass wool, concrete. Masonry is carried out in several ways - three-layer with and without an air gap, or well.

Today, insulation has become very popular. It arose in the middle of the last century. Then moss, sawdust, and peat were used as insulation. IN modern world they are no longer ineffective and have been replaced by more modern materials. Insulation can be used in almost any type of construction where timber is used as enclosing structures, concrete panels, brick walls. The last option is the most relevant. Let's take a closer look at how brickwork is laid with insulation, masonry techniques, and the advantages of this method.

Types of insulation and requirements

Bricklaying is a rather serious and complex task.

Most often insulation is inside brick structures carried out using mineral wool, polystyrene foam, glass wool.

Some craftsmen fill the space between the walls with concrete or fill it with slag. This option also has its advantages, the main one being that this method of masonry increases the strength and durability of the structure. Any insulation must meet the following special requirements.

Firstly, it must be resistant to deformation. This property is especially important. So, under the influence of any natural factors, and also under the force of gravity it can change in size and shape.

Secondly, it is moisture resistance. Despite the fact that insulation is carried out inside the structure, moisture can get inside, which often leads to deformation and destruction of the material. And the latter, in turn, will affect thermal insulation properties enclosing structure. Insulation is carried out only with materials that do not allow moisture to pass through or absorb moisture. In addition, excess moisture can cause condensation. Fiberglass is most optimal for flexible connections between fences, as it has low thermal conductivity, high strength and does not allow moisture to pass through. There is one more universal insulation- this is air.

Well masonry

Wall insulation is often used for lightweight bricklaying. This reduces the main load on the building. In addition, this method allows you to save materials, increase the percentage of sound insulation and thermal insulation. Insulation in this case is of two types. In the first case, two brick walls are erected, and the voids between them are filled with an even layer of insulation. In the second case, only one wall is made, and then insulation is attached to it. Currently, well masonry is most often used. It is carried out as follows: first, an internal load-bearing wall is erected with ordinary bricks, after which it is built outer wall half a brick thick.

The next step is to install dressings in several rows. For this you can use metal rods. Another type of masonry can be used, in which the voids are filled with slag or concrete. The walls are built half a brick thick. In this case, the slag must rest for some time (six months).

Three-layer masonry with and without gap

With this method, thermal insulation panels are laid in rows between load-bearing structures, they are fixed using anchors that are built into the wall. To prevent the formation of condensation in this case, you will need a vapor barrier. The front layer is laid out from ordinary facing bricks or stone. There is another way in which an air gap is created. This method is the most optimal, since it helps prevent the formation of condensation to a greater extent. The ventilation gap helps the insulation dry out. With this method, the supporting structure is first built interior wall made of ordinary brick. Thermal insulation materials are mounted on anchors built into the wall.

In this option, flexible connections with clamps are used, which are needed to connect the insulation panels to the wall and create air layer. Stainless steel washers are used as fasteners. The disadvantage of this method is that it is very labor-intensive.

Equipment and tools

Insulating brick will require tools. You can insulate it inside if you have insulation available (cotton wool, slag or concrete). In addition, you will need a vapor barrier layer. For the masonry itself, it is important to have a mortar based on sand and clay or cement, bricks, a mixing container, building level, trowel, trowel, spatulas. You may need a ladder or grinder for. It is advisable to carry out insulation of bricks in dry and warm seasons to avoid the penetration of moisture that can accumulate between the walls. You can insulate the wall yourself or hire a team of specialists for this.

As mentioned above, moisture can accumulate inside the wall, so it is important to use only moisture-proof materials. The cheapest of them are glass wool or slag. The insulation should be laid flat.

Based on all of the above, we can conclude that when laying bricks, it is best to use insulation. It must meet the following requirements: be moisture resistant and resistant to deformation. It must be inside the structure, between load-bearing walls. You can insulate the walls various materials: mineral wool, slag, concrete, glass wool. There is another very good insulation- this is air. Laying should be done in several ways. The most common of them are well, three-layer with and without an air gap.

In any case, dressing is done between the walls, it is done using metal pins, which are attached to anchors. The space between the walls is filled with an even layer of material. To insulate a wall, you will need equipment and tools. You can purchase them at any specialized store. Therefore, thermal insulation is not a difficult task, but it requires certain knowledge and skills.

Well masonry of brick walls can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the walls, due to which the energy efficiency of the building significantly increases. The peculiarity of this installation method is that it consists of three layers: the outer and inner layers are made of blocks and bricks, and the gap between them (the well) is filled with a heat insulator. The fact is that, in accordance with modern building codes even in mid-latitudes, sufficient thermal insulation in winter conditions can be achieved with a solid brick structure of about two meters thick.

a) - d) Different variants masonry
1. Brick walls openings. 2. A layer of insulation that fills the openings. 3. Vertical diaphragms (liners between wells).

Kolodtsevaya (well), in contrast to ordinary brick masonry walls, belongs to the category of modern progressive construction technologies. It should be borne in mind that this bricklaying technology, like any other, has both advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include the following factors:

• the ability to construct a building with an acceptable thickness main walls, but fully compliant in terms of thermal conductivity with building codes;
• reducing the time and cost of building construction plus saving bricks;
• reducing the load on the foundation by reducing the weight of the structure.

At the same time, brickwork of walls using the well method with insulation also has its weaknesses:

• the homogeneity and, as a consequence, the strength of the structure decreases;
• at low temperatures outside air, condensation may form in the heat-insulating layer;
• Strong heating of brick walls during the hot season can lead to damage to the insulation.

Types of well laying

Features of the options for well-laying brick walls are determined by their following parameters:

• overall thickness of the structure;
• thickness of the outer wall;
• the length and width of the openings formed in the space between the brick walls;
• the type of insulation used;
• features of the device and the material from which the horizontal and vertical jumpers are made brick walls ah, strengthening the latter.

The total thickness of brick walls when laid in a well can vary from 33 to 62 cm. The thickness of the outer walls can be a quarter of a brick (brick on an edge), half a brick (spoon rows), 1 brick (alternating butt and spoon rows). The most often chosen thickness of both external walls is half a brick, but it can be different.

The width of the openings (the distance between the outer walls) can have one of the following values: half a brick, three quarters, 1 brick or one and a half bricks. The length of these openings should not be more than 1.17 m. Some variants of schemes according to which well brickwork can be carried out are shown in Fig. 1.

Digital symbols on these diagrams:

1. Brick walls of openings.
2. A layer of insulation that fills the openings.
3. Vertical diaphragms (liners between wells).

Descriptions shown in Fig. 1 laying schemes:

• a structure with a total thickness of 33 cm, with outer walls a quarter brick thick (Fig. 1a);
• a wall with a total thickness of 51 cm, with outer walls half a brick thick and an opening width of 1 brick (Fig. 1b);
• a structure with different thicknesses of outer walls and the width of half-brick openings (Fig. 1c);
• the same configuration of the outer walls with an opening width of 1 brick (Fig. 1d);
• through wells with vertical partitions up to the middle part of the masonry (Fig. 1e).

Filling from bulk materials (sawdust, slag, expanded clay) can be used as insulation. polystyrene foam boards, basalt mineral wool, as well as concrete-based fills. You can calculate the cost of labor and materials to perform such work using the GESN 08-02-014 table.

a)-c) Sequence of laying rows.
1. External and internal walls of the well. 2. An opening filled with insulation. 3. Vertical jumpers (diaphragms). 4.

Sequence of masonry

If you have at least minimal experience, bricklaying external walls should not cause serious difficulties. Requires competent calculation, accuracy and strict order of execution of the technological process:

1. First, the first two continuous rows of bricks are laid on the foundation on top of the waterproofing. The first row is often made with stitching. This will be the base of the well.
2. Vertical jumpers are laid out at the required distance from each other.
3. The selection of lintels is carried out so that the floor beams are located above them. Vertical jumpers should be installed every 0.5-1.17 m.
4. Adjacent walls must be connected with wire ties.
5. Installation of window and doorways, as well as the last few rows should be continuous.
6. Waterproofing is laid on top of the last layer.

At low-rise construction well masonry is ideal option. In this case it is ensured optimal selection combination of material consumption, labor intensity and quality of thermal insulation. Its main drawback is that after construction is completed, it is almost impossible to replace the insulation.

It is worth noting that in well installation with mineral wool, additional insulation is possible. To do this, ecowool, perlite or similar insulation materials are blown into the openings through small holes in the wall. But with proper calculation and correct selection materials, such an operation is not required.

Technology and implementation features

a)-c) Three options for laying the corner of a building
1. External and internal walls of the well. 2. An opening filled with insulation. 3. Vertical jumpers (diaphragms).
Horizontal lintel (reinforcing mesh or reinforcement).

As already noted, the complexity of well masonry is somewhat higher than usual, but it is not difficult to master it if you have experience as a mason. With little work experience, it is advisable to arm yourself with a detailed order drawing. This is especially important on initial stage. An example of fragments of such a drawing is shown in Fig. 2.

Here in Fig. 2a shows a diagram of odd ones, and Fig. 2b - even rows of masonry. To ensure reliable connection between the walls, a horizontal jumper is laid after every sixth row. For this purpose, reinforcing mesh is usually used (see Fig. 2c).

In the same figure, indicated by numbers:

1. External and internal walls of the well.
2. An opening filled with insulation.
3. Vertical jumpers (diaphragms).
4. Horizontal lintel (reinforcing mesh or reinforcement).

The laying of vertical lintels must be securely tied to the longitudinal walls. Their thickness can be 1-3 horizontal rows. The greater the thickness of the jumpers, the stronger design, but thermal insulation deteriorates. Instead of brick ones, it is possible to select lintels from reinforcing pins 6-8 mm thick. For reliability, their ends are bent.

The layout of the corners can also be done differently. The structure of several of its variants is shown in Fig. 3. The digital designations here are the same as in Fig. 2. Brief characteristics these options:

• the option that provides only two parallel walls (a) is the most economical, but also the least durable;
• option with thickening of the outer walls (b) requires more building materials, but the strength of the masonry increases;
• the option with a continuous laying of the corner (c) is the most durable, but also the least economical.

At least two rows of bricks under window openings must be solid. In addition, in these cases, it is desirable to strengthen the brick walls with reinforcing mesh. When the laying of the external walls is completed, above last row Usually a reinforced concrete reinforcing belt is poured. This is especially important when it is planned to build a brick pediment.

As already noted, for all its advantages, the well design is not its most durable option. Therefore, in order to support a fairly heavy brick pediment, the presence of a reinforcing belt is highly desirable.

And one more important note. Like any brickwork in winter conditions, the well should be done with doubling the number of reinforced joints, ensuring the strengthening of the brickwork, and using the appropriate mortar. The backfill inside the wells must be absolutely dry and free of frozen inclusions. It is also advisable to use additional liners made of dry cinder blocks.

Of course, ring masonry is an option that is convenient in execution and use, quite affordable in price, but requires care and precision in work.

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