Fertilizing trees and shrubs in spring is one of the components of a high yield. It should be produced taking into account the age of the plantations, the quality of the soil and the availability of irrigation. Three whales of fertilizers for fruit bushes and trees are potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Types of fertilizers
Feeding trees and shrubs in early spring carried out either by mineral or organic substances.
They are divided into simple and complex. The difference between them is how many components are included in their composition. If one, then these are simple mineral fertilizers, two or more are complex. They are also divided into groups according to the main component in the composition - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
The basis of organic fertilizers is rotted organic matter - manure, manure, compost and green manures.
Top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers
Top dressing and shrubs in early spring with mineral fertilizers requires a careful approach. The main thing in this type of fertilizer is the measure, otherwise you can harm not only the plant, but also the earth and people.
Nitrogen fertilizers include:
- This substance acidifies the soil and does not dissolve well in it, so it is better to apply it in the fall. To improve the properties, you can add 1.5 kg of lime to 1 kg of ammonium sulfate.
- Ammonium nitrate(ammonium nitrate) - instant substance. The action is fast and effective on non-acidic soils. Plants absorb it well and react to it. If the soil itself is acidified, then it is better to dilute ammonium nitrate with limestone flour in a 1: 1 ratio. This will neutralize the acidity. This type of fertilizer can be applied both in spring and autumn at the rate of 150-200 kg per hectare, if this is the main component, and 100-150 kg per hectare in the form of top dressing.
- One more effective top dressing trees and shrubs in the spring - urea (urea). This fertilizer is highly concentrated and very effective in increasing yields. It can be applied directly under the rhizomes fruit bushes and trees at the time of loosening the soil or through watering, if using liquid form concentrate.
The main requirement that should be observed when using nitrogen fertilizers is compliance with the instructions for use, proper dosing and safety precautions during storage and application to the soil.
Top dressing with phosphorus and potash fertilizers
Phosphorus and potash fertilizers help plants adapt to the environment, make them frost-resistant and strong. They also affect the quantity and quality of the crop.
Phosphorus fertilizers should be applied deeper into the ground, as they are poorly absorbed, and it is recommended to do this in early spring when digging the soil for the first time. The most popular phosphorus additives are superphosphate (which is based on sulfur, gypsum) and phosphorus flour, which is used on acidic soils.
Superphosphate is in greater demand because of its rapid absorption by the roots of trees and shrubs. When planting seedlings, it is enough to add from 400 to 600 g of superphosphate to each planting hole. For adults, the feeding rate is 40-60 g per 1 m 2 of the trunk circle.
The property of phosphate fertilizers is fast growth plants and the development of a powerful root system. You can also note the qualitative changes in the taste of berries and fruits and the amount of the crop.
potash fertilizers in pure form it is better not to use, but dilute with zinc, iron or nitrogen substances. Most popular view potash fertilizers is potassium sulfate, which does not contain chlorine and sodium harmful to plants.
Feeding trees and shrubs in spring with potash fertilizers ensures a good harvest. The lack of potassium in the soil affects the size of the fruits and their taste. Potassium sulphate can be applied to any type of soil at a dosage for top dressing of 20-25 g per 1 m 2. The best effect is given by a mixture of phosphate fertilizers with potash fertilizers.
Top dressing of seedlings
The quantity and quality of fertilizers depends solely on the composition of the soil, but top dressing of garden trees and shrubs in the spring, especially before planting seedlings, is mandatory.
The presence of phosphorus in the soil is especially important for seedlings, since it is he who affects their growth and rapid adaptation. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers should be laid before the seedlings are planted.
It is best to do this in a layer deeper than the hole, under a tree or bush. It is also important that fertilizers are immediately laid in large quantities, with the expectation of several years. Fertilizing trees and shrubs with phosphorus in spring is important only for young trees, as it stimulates their rapid growth.
Other fertilizers for trees younger than two years old can be omitted only if the soil has not previously been completely depleted. Otherwise, it should first be carefully fertilized and restored, and only then lay the garden.
Feeding with organic matter
Organic fertilizers are natural and natural for trees and shrubs. They began to be used long before the chemical industry appeared. They enrich and improve the composition of the soil without harm to it.
Fertilizing trees and shrubs in spring with manure is the most common procedure for summer residents. This is the most affordable and cheapest type of top dressing with a complete set. needed by plants components - boron, manganese, cobalt, copper and molybdenum. The best for feeding trees and shrubs is considered horse dung and bird droppings. They are the most complete essential trace elements for plant growth and high yield. Most often, a liquid form of fertilizing fruit and berry crops is used.
To obtain a solution, any container is half filled with manure, and poured with water on top, after which they should be thoroughly mixed. After a month, the resulting mixture can be used at the rate of 1 liter per 6-8 liters of water. If the soil is dry, then the solution should be made more liquid. A thicker fertilizer composition is applied to moist soil.
If feeding is planned fruit trees and shrubs in April, then, accordingly, a solution should be laid in March.
Top dressing with compost
Peat and humus are types of organic fertilizers that can be used both independently and in the form of compost. Compost is made from manure, peat or various waste - food or fallen leaves and tops. These are fermented plant residues, which were artificially prepared during the year. To do this, you need to choose a place that does not flood with water, and put all the components mixed with the ground there.
As you grow compost heap it should be moistened so that rotting takes place more intensively. It is recommended to cover the compost with a black film, which does not allow moisture to evaporate and at the same time attracts the heat of the sun. For better decay vegetable waste and manure can be sprinkled with layers of slaked lime, and in order to have access to oxygen, layers of branches and straw are used, which allow the compost to “breathe”.
The finished composition can be used after 1-2 years. This is the purest and most useful fertilizer, which has a great effect on both the plants themselves and the ground.
Feeding stone fruit trees
For the qualitative development and growth of stone fruit trees, it is extremely important good food. Fertilizing fruit trees and shrubs in March is the key to a good harvest, as this helps plants to quickly move away from hibernation.
It is very convenient to give the first portion of fertilizer when there is still snow under the trees. As it melts useful material will enter the soil and feed the roots. If the stone tree is young, then it is better to start top dressing in the 2nd year of its growth. To do this, it is enough to use urea at the rate of 20 g / 1 m 2. It should only be applied in the spring. In autumn, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers can be added.
When stone fruit trees - cherries, plums, apricots and others - enter the fruiting season, up to 10 kg of manure or compost, 20-25 g of urea, 60 g of simple or 30 g of double superphosphate and 200 g of wood ash per square meter.
Feeding pome trees
For seed trees the best fertilizer in April there will be nitrogen substances that stimulate the growth of their shoots. If the tree gives a weak harvest, then it is additionally recommended to add urea in the ratio of 5 g / 1 m 2 of the near-stem circle. For adult trees, top dressing is carried out around the perimeter of the entire crown.
It is very useful to use the aisles in the garden for sowing cultivated grasses such as meadow fescue and others. They should be mowed as they grow and left under the trees. In this case, you can not fertilize the garden with organic matter, but add only mineral fertilizers.
Fertilizing berry bushes
In order for the berry plant to give good yields, the land should be prepared and fertilized in advance. For example, black currants need moist places, while raspberries, red currants and gooseberries need well-lit, warm areas of the garden.
Bookmarking the soil fertilizers should be done plentifully. Manure, humus or compost is applied at the rate of 500 kg per 100 m 2. Of the mineral fertilizers, phosphorus and potash are suitable for berry crops.
If the laying of the berry was carried out correctly, then the next couple of years, you can significantly reduce the top dressing of the soil.
With proper and timely fertilization fruit crops for a long time pamper us with their harvest. How can with least cost time and effort to properly fertilize the plants?
Each dacha has a plot allotted for a garden, where apples, pears, cherries, cherries, apricots, and peaches are necessarily grown. For normal development and timely entry into fruiting fruit trees need nutrients that enter the root system from the soil.
The types and doses of fertilizers applied under trees depend on many factors, including:
- the type and natural fertility of the soil, its physical condition;
- fruit culture age;
- climatic conditions.
The correct use of organic and mineral fertilizers will not only provide fruit crops with the necessary nutrients, but also significantly improve the physical condition of the soil:
- soil moisture capacity will improve;
- its breathability will increase;
- the soil will become looser.
On the fertile soils organic fertilizers can be applied after 1-2 years, but in no case should you switch only to fertilizing with mineral fertilizers. Most of them increase the acidity of the soil. At the same time, the composition of the soil microflora worsens, which negatively affects the development and formation of fruiting.
How to feed a young garden
Before the first fruiting, the garden is considered young and its fertilizer does not require a significant investment of time. When laying a garden usually rotted manure, humus or ripened compost is added to the soil, the next year the seedlings are not fertilized. On depleted soils, pome and stone fruit crops begin to be fed from the first year of planting to a permanent place.
In March in the trunk circles of 2-3-year-old trees (in 1-2 years of growth), 1-1.5 buckets of organic matter (humus, compost, peat) are scattered. Organic fertilizer is scattered around a circle with a diameter of 1-2 m and dug up to a depth of 12-15 cm or half a shovel bayonet.
At the beginning of June when increased shoot growth begins, young seedlings are fed with mineral fertilizers. During this period, it is important for them to have all the main nutrients in the soil, so it is better to add nitroammophoska, nitrophoska or a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to the near-stem circle.
In order for fertilizers to reach the root system of fruit crops faster and more evenly, a groove 5-10 cm deep can be made along the perimeter of the near-stem circle and full fertilizer is sprinkled on its bottom at the rate of 20-40 g / linear meter. Then the groove is covered with earth and watered along with the soil in the trunk circle.
autumn(before the leaves fall) the seedlings are fed again. Only phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are introduced into the groove, which will positively affect the ripening of the shoots, which will help to survive the harsh winter weather. The norm of phosphorus fertilizers is 10-20, and potash - 15-30 g / linear meter.
From 3-4 years of age simultaneously with organic fertilizers, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied for autumn digging, the dose of which is respectively 90-100 and 30-50 g under a tree. In the spring, without going beyond the diameter of the crown, a near-stem circle is surrounded by a roller along the edge and scatter 100-150 g of ammonium nitrate. Fertilizer is mixed with a rake top layer soil and fill with water.
Feeding fruit bearing trees
As the seedlings grow, the crown of trees increases annually by about 0.5-0.6 m, grows root system. Starting from 3-4 years and up to 10-12 years of age, the amount of organic fertilizers for one tree is increased by 1 bucket annually. There is a need for additional application of mineral fertilizers.
From the age of 4-5, fruit trees begin to yield. From now on, you need to be very careful about fertilizing. If a tree that has begun to bear fruit has an annual growth of young shoots of less than 20 cm, then it is on a "starvation diet" and it must be provided with nutrients in order to lay a good harvest.
The root system of fruit crops by this time had already grown in the soil at a sufficient depth. Therefore, on fertile soils, it is now enough to apply organic matter (manure, humus, compost, bird droppings, etc.) once every 2-3 years, as usual, in the fall for digging. Poor soils still need an annual application of organic matter at the rate of 0.5 buckets of organic fertilizer per year of tree life. That is, under a 6- or 8-year-old tree in autumn, 3 and 4 buckets of organic matter are brought into the near-stem circle, respectively, for digging. Add phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.
By following all the rules for fertilizing, you can easily grow big garden fruit trees and get a rich harvest from them.
When fertilizing, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the soil of the site: the degree of its fertility and the availability of nutrients, as well as the reaction of the environment (it is favorable or not quite for the growth of fruit and berry plants), the mechanical composition of the soil (heavy, clay or light, with an admixture of sand), the age of the plantations, etc.
Fertilizer use
In the first years of life, plants are especially demanding on phosphorus, since it stimulates the growth of roots and provides an increase in the above-ground mass.
Phosphorus and potash fertilizers, as noted above, are characterized by low mobility and are fixed mainly in the zone of application to the soil. Therefore, it is very important to apply them deeply, even before planting trees and shrubs, with increased doses designed for long term actions.
The use of nitrogen fertilizers in the care of the garden due to their good solubility and mobility in the soil is not difficult. The main task in their application is to prevent losses of nitrogen, since its ammonia form is volatile, and its nitrate form is mobile, especially on light soils and during irrigation.
Therefore, all nitrogen fertilizers applied in dry form must be immediately embedded in the ground.
On light soils and when irrigating high single doses of nitrogen fertilizers, they are not used, but they are applied fractionally and more often than on heavy soils and without irrigation. The gardener should remember that in the first half of summer, plants need all three main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. An excess of nitrogen in the second half of summer can cause their protracted growth and therefore reduce winter hardiness, especially of stone fruit crops.
Fertilization
Fertilizers for apple trees, pears, cherries, plums are brought into planting pits, and in areas allotted for berry bushes - for digging. At the same time, rotted manure and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are used. Superphosphate is best applied in the form of an organo-mineral mixture. On a bucket of bulk manure, take 300 g of simple superphosphate or 150 g. - double. Superphosphate is mixed with wet organic matter 2 weeks prior to application. Under the apple tree, 2-3 buckets of such a mixture are brought into the pit; in total, this is 15-25 kg of manure, 450-900 g of superphosphate. Potash fertilizers are applied at 200-300 g. Under stone fruit crops, the doses of fertilizers are halved. It is not recommended to introduce unripe manure and nitrogen fertilizers into the pits. With good preplant soil dressing, trees in the first 4-5 or more years usually do not need additional application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Manure in the first year after planting is brought in in the form of mulch and sealed up when digging. In the future, organic fertilizers are recommended to be applied for 4-5 years, before the garden begins to bear fruit.
The introduction of nitrogen fertilizers should begin from 2-3 years after planting, when the plants take root and get stronger. When introduced in the year of planting, they can cause a burn of young roots and worsen the survival of plants. In a young garden on fertile soil, the need for nitrogen in fruit plants usually occurs in early spring, when the process of natural microbiological formation of nitrates is suppressed. In this regard, nitrogen fertilizers containing nitrogen in the nitrate form (ammonium nitrate) are applied at a dose of 15-20 g per 1 m 2. This work is carried out when the bulk of the snow has gone, but in the morning the soil still freezes. If for some reason it was not possible to apply fertilizer at this time, then it is applied before the first spring loosening of the soil (harrowing).
In the first years, fertilizers have a weak effect on the growth of trees, but as they approach fruiting, their effect increases more and more. With an introduction tree species in fruiting, the fertilizer application system consists of autumn (main) application, spring and top dressing. The main thing is the main thing, when in the fall, for digging, organic fertilizers (manure, compost) and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (30-45 g of superphosphate and 20-25 g of potassium sulfate or chloride per 1 m 2) are applied. Autumn application of chlorine-containing potash fertilizers contributes to the leaching of chlorine from the soil.
Deep application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, as already noted, contributes to the development of a powerful root system. It is carried out in furrows, annular grooves, etc. the best way is focal. The foci are holes made along the periphery of the crown to a depth of 30-35 cm. running meter one hole is placed. The amount of fertilizer intended for application under one tree is distributed equally to all holes.
Effective joint application of mineral fertilizers with organic. The norm of mineral fertilizers is reduced by half.
Spring fertilization for fruit trees usually consists of using ammonium nitrate, this has already been discussed in detail above. But if organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were not applied in the fall, they must be applied in the spring (preferably in the wells).
For fruit bearing trees great importance they also have supplements. In non-irrigated gardens, they are most often limited to the early spring application of ammonium nitrate, since in the absence of irrigation, top dressing is ineffective. The application rate is 15-20 g per 1 m 2 during the entry of the garden into fruiting and 20-25 g - with full fruiting.
In irrigated orchards, there is a danger of leaching of mobile nitrogen into the deep layers, especially on light soils. At the same time, fruit-bearing orchards are especially in need of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, in a fruit-bearing irrigated garden, in addition to the early spring application of nitrogen fertilizers, one or two top dressings are carried out during the growing season. The first - nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) after physiological shedding of the ovary - at a dose of 10 g per 1 m 2. With a high yield, after 20-25 days, a second top dressing should be carried out. It is carried out with complete fertilizer and contributes to the normal laying of flower buds for the crop. next year. It is advisable to use complex fertilizers: nitrophoska (25-30 g per 1 m2) or nitroammofoska (20 g per 1 m 2) with the addition of potassium sulfate or chloride (10 g per 1 m 2).
In a lean year, they are limited only to the main fertilizer and the spring application of nitrogen, since in this case the consumption of nutrients goes only to increase the vegetative mass and lay flower buds for the next year's crop. It is necessary to restrain the laying of the kidneys so as not to overload the tree with a crop in a year.
Mineral fertilizers when top dressing can be applied both in liquid and dry form. In the first case, the fertilizer should be dissolved in water - 20-30 g per 10 liters, in the second - subsequent watering is required.
Good results are obtained by top dressing with local liquid organic fertilizers - slurry, bird droppings, which contribute at the rate of 1 bucket per 2-3 m of furrow. They are cut along the periphery of the tree crown from two or four sides, one or two at a time, with a depth: for apple and pear trees - 15-18 cm, for plums and cherries - 12-14 cm. Bird droppings are diluted with water in a ratio of 1:12, slurry - 1:4. Top dressing is best timed to coincide with the rains. If the weather is dry, then the furrows must be watered. Top dressing can be done simultaneously with watering. When applying top dressing, however, it must be remembered that this method of fertilizing is auxiliary and cannot replace the main fertilizer. The use of nitrogen fertilizers, especially in young gardens, must be approached carefully, strictly observing the doses and terms of application. A constant excess of nitrogen, especially in the case of a lack of other elements, leads to the fact that in young plants a state of so-called "fatting" may occur, that is, violent growth in the absence of fruiting. It is not immediately possible to cause fruiting in fattening trees. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to weaken the nitrogen supply, and at the same time, increase the phosphorus-potassium supply, reduce watering. In some cases, one has to resort to the use of special techniques: hauling branches, banding, etc.
strawberry fertilizer
When preparing the site for its August planting, it is necessary in advance, at the beginning of summer for digging, to apply organic fertilizers: semi-decomposed manure, humus or compost - 4-5 kg per 1 m2, as well as mineral fertilizers: double granular superphosphate - 20-25 g per 1 m 2 and potassium sulfate - 25-30 g each. Early in the spring of the next year and annually thereafter, nitrogen supplements are given with ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20-25 g per 1 m 2. After harvesting, every year, for digging row spacing, full mineral fertilizer is applied. For this purpose, complex fertilizers are used: nitrophoska or azofoska at a dose of 40-50 g per 1 m2.
Instead, you can add ammophos at a dose of 15-20 g per 1 m 2 and potassium sulfate - 20-25 g. This will help a good laying of fruit buds for next year's harvest.
Can instead mineral supplement use bird droppings in liquid form, diluted 12-15 times.
fertilizing fruit trees and shrubs in spring will provide you good harvest, find out which drugs are better to choose and how to feed. This is because at the beginning of a period of intensive growth, any plant simply needs a supply of nutrients. In its absence, it will not be able to develop normally, as well as bear fruit abundantly.
spring fruit bushes and trees need nitrogen. He contributes active growth new leaf blades, flowers and fruits, and is also directly involved in the development of relatively powerful roots. Fertilizers containing nitrogen contribute not only to an increase in the number of fruits, but also to improve their quality.
Fertilizing fruit trees and shrubs in spring includes the need to add the following substances: magnesium, iron, boron, copper, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, cobalt, manganese. Top dressing can be done in 2 ways:
- Use organic fertilizers - they are all natural, such as compost, bird droppings, manure, etc.
- Use complex mineral fertilizers - they are created by man at chemical enterprises. In their manufacture, special features are taken into account certain types plants in a given period.
The first top dressing of horticultural crops in spring
The very first top dressing of horticultural crops is recommended to be done at the beginning of the spring period. The descent of the entire snow cover should not be expected, but the soil should thaw slightly. You can feed the plants at this time with mineral fertilizers containing nitrogen (urea, ammonium nitrate). Fertilizer should be sprinkled directly on the surface of the snow cover around the trunks of shrubs and trees. In the process of snow melting, the necessary nutrients will reach the root system of plants.
Proper feeding of fruit trees and shrubs in the spring eliminates overfeeding the plant with nitrogen. The fact is that his green mass will begin to actively develop, but the yield will deteriorate sharply. In this regard, a young plant needs no more than 40 grams, and an adult - 100 grams of such a fertilizer.
Organic fertilizers can be applied to completely thawed soil. To prepare them, dissolve 1.5 liters of manure, 0.3 liters of urea and 4 liters of manure in 10 liters of water. One bush will require approximately 4 liters of nutrient mixture.
The second top dressing of horticultural crops in the spring
Horticultural crops during flowering and intensive growth need phosphorus and potassium. Potassium promotes the growth of young shoots, increases the amount of sugar in fruits, increases resistance to diseases and pests. Phosphorus makes roots more powerful.
Experts advise adding these substances to the soil separately, and not together. First - 60 g of "Superphosphate" (contains phosphorus) per 1 adult tree, and after a while - potassium magnesia, ash, potassium salt or potassium sulfate (contain potassium) 20 g per 1 tree.
The third and fourth top dressing of horticultural crops in the spring
Mandatory top dressing is required at the end of flowering. At this time, gardeners use organic fertilizers, and in particular compost. It is dissolved in water, and then poured into the root zone of a tree or shrub.
During fruit set, fertilizing with organic fertilizer is also necessary (for example: compost, mullein or biohumus). You can buy a specialized mineral mixture in which nitrogen is contained in a minimal amount. Mix top dressing with mulch or embed in the ground.
How to fertilize garden trees and shrubs interesting tips gardeners.
feeding horticultural crops in the spring, you need to remember:
- after applying dry fertilizer to the soil, relatively plentiful watering is needed;
- so as not to get burns on the root system, liquid fertilizer do not apply to dry soil;
- 1 year after disembarkation of any garden plant fertilizers are not applied to the soil;
- it is recommended to feed in the evening;
- when fertilizing a plant, you need to remember that the roots of an adult tree extend beyond its roots by about half a meter.
What preparations fertilize fruit trees in the spring season:
Fertilizing fruit trees and shrubs in spring no doubt it will provide you with the results that you expected when laying the garden, but remember that everything is good in moderation, so do not overdo it, follow our advice, and everything will definitely work out for you, on this we say goodbye to you, all the best and see you again !
Before planting seedlings of fruit trees, pre-planting filling of the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers is always carried out. Therefore, in the first year of development, seedlings do not need to be fertilized. Subsequently, fertilizers should be applied as needed to the near-stem circles, which in a young garden (up to 5-6 years old) should be dug up annually (see Fig.).
As the trees enter fruiting season, fertilizer should be applied regularly. Fruit trees grow in the garden for decades and constantly absorb nutrients from the soil, the content of nutrients in it decreases, as a result, without top dressing, the yield of fruit trees decreases over time.
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To restore soil fertility, it is necessary to regularly replenish the supply of nutrients, apply organic and mineral fertilizers. The type and amount of fertilizer applied is determined by the type of soil and the age of the trees. The need of trees for fertilizer can be determined by the growth of annual shoots. Fertilizer must be applied if the growth length is y young tree less than 40 cm, and in the fruiting one - less than 20 cm.
The total amount of fertilizer should be calculated taking into account the fertilized area:
With a trunk circle diameter of 2 m, the fertilized area is 3 m 2;
With a circle diameter of 3 m - 7 m 2;
With a circle diameter of 4 m - 12 m 2;
With a diameter of 5 m and more - about 19 m 2.
❧ Do not apply manure from greenhouses under the grapes - there are usually a lot of beetle larvae in it, which gnaw through the underground trunks of grape bushes.
Trees in the first years of their life in the garden have roots of small diameter, so there is no point in spreading fertilizer over the entire garden area. It is best to do this within the crown projection, where up to 90% of active roots are located.
In the nutrition of fruit plants during the growing season, two periods are distinguished:
From the beginning of the spring growing season to the end of shoot growth;
From the end of shoot growth until late autumn.
Usually, fruit crops need nutrients most of all in the first half of summer, so the main amount of fertilizer should be applied when digging in late autumn and spring, in summer it is better to give less fertilizer. Perennial fruit-bearing trees especially need nitrogen, which is used for vegetative growth and fruit formation. Therefore, the main amount of nitrogen fertilizers should be given in spring and in the first half of summer.
Fertilizers for young trees
Fertilizing young fruit trees with organic and mineral fertilizers enhances their growth, accelerates fruiting.
In early spring, on the 2nd - 3rd year after planting, nitrogen mineral fertilizers must be applied at the rate of 40 g of ammonium nitrate or 30 g of synthetic urea (urea) per 1 m 2 of the trunk circle.
Manure - the most valuable organic fertilizer for fruit trees - is applied every 2 years, starting from the 3rd year after planting, 5-6 kg per 1 m2 of the tree trunk. Slurry should be used when feeding fruit trees in spring period before flowering, diluting with water 3-4 times. Dry chicken manure you can apply 300 g per 1 m 2 of the fertilized area after flowering, with spring top dressing it must be diluted with water (1 kg in 10 liters of water).
From the second year of life, trees can be given phosphorus-potassium fertilizers annually in the fall for digging, the calculation is made for each m2 of the trunk circle. On gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils, it is supposed to make: manure or j compost - 3-5 kg, superphosphate - 50-60 g, potassium chloride - 15-20 g or 150 g of wood ash.
On soils with good fertility, this volume should be reduced by 1.5-2 times or fertilizers should be applied every 2-3 years. Fertilizers should be planted at a distance of 20-25 cm from the tree trunk, since the application near the trunk a large number fresh manure and mineral fertilizers can lead to the death of the tree.
Based on the fertility of the soil, approximately the following amount of fertilizer is required:
For an apple tree of 2-3 years of age - superphosphate 100-200 g and potassium chloride 35-70 g;
For an apple tree 4-5 years old - superphosphate 150-300 g and potassium chloride 50-100 g. Pears, cherries and plums require fertilizers in the same doses.
Starting from the 4th year after planting, fruit trees should be fed with potash and phosphate fertilizers according to the following calculation:
Potash fertilizers (potassium salt 40%) to make about 12-15 g;
Phosphate fertilizers (superphosphate) apply approximately 8-10 g active substance per 1 m2 of the area near the trunk circle.
Starting from the 5th year after planting, fruit trees need to be fertilized with a full mineral fertilizer, which should contain 15-18 g of nitrogen, 8 g of phosphorus and 12 g of potassium. Payment nutrient are made per 1 m2 of fertilized area.
Fertilizers for fruit-bearing trees
Fruit-bearing trees on soils of insufficient fertility should be fertilized annually; on fertile soils, this can be done once every 2-3 years.
Phosphorus-potassium and organic fertilizers are applied entirely, over the entire surface of the row spacing, closing them up in the fall by digging the soil. Nitrogen | fertilizers are best applied to the furrows in the spring in the form of dressings. However, ammonium sulfate can also be applied in autumn.
For young fruit-bearing trees, it is better to apply two dressings. One top dressing should be done in early spring on all soils, since at the beginning of the growing season there are no nitrates in the soil.
The second top dressing should be done in late spring or early summer on poor or light soils, regardless of their fertility. When carrying out two dressings, 55-65% of the annual dose of nitrogen should be applied in early spring, and 35-45% in early summer.
For these purposes, you can use ammonium nitrate and urea, which must be scattered superficially. But urea is supposed to be slightly embedded in the soil - on outdoors it simply volatilizes when exposed to moisture. Ammonium nitrate is gradually absorbed into the soil.
If the second top dressing is done before rain or watering, then fertilizers can also be applied superficially. In dry weather, they should be diluted in water at the rate of 25-30 g per 10 liters. With the surface application of dry phosphorus and potash fertilizers, a fruit tree cannot always use them. Fertilizing dry soil can also cause plant suppression due to a sharp increase in the concentration of the soil solution.
On light soils, the fertilizer solution can be applied superficially; on loamy and clayey soils, it is better to apply it in grooves 10-15 cm deep, no closer than 1 m from tree trunks. For top dressing, apply solutions of slurry, mullein, bird droppings by introducing into the furrows. After soaking the solution, the furrows must be covered with earth.
With a plentiful harvest in a fruitful garden, a third top dressing is needed, during the period of June shedding of ovaries (at the end of June). This dressing should be done in the same way as the second. In young gardens, the third top dressing should not be done, so as not to provoke protracted growth. For the third top dressing, you can use nitrophos or nitroammophos, it is better to apply them into the furrows. If ammonium sulfate was applied in sufficient volume in the fall, which is well preserved in the soil, then the first top dressing in early spring can be carried out in a reduced dose or even without it.
outside root top dressing fruit trees should be carried out to introduce nitrogen and trace elements directly into the plant, bypassing the soil, through the leaves, by spraying them with an appropriate solution.
Urea is suitable for foliar nitrogen fertilization. In the spring, 30 g of the substance should be diluted per 10 liters of water, in the summer, 40-50 g should be taken for the same amount of water. It is recommended to prepare the solution on the day of use, spray early in the morning or evening, during the day it is possible only in cloudy, but without rain weather. foliar top dressing especially useful for trees weakened after freezing, in case of signs of starvation of plants or in years bountiful harvest as an additional fertilizer to the main soil dose. For foliar application of trace elements, it is recommended to use appropriate solutions of salts of very low concentration.
Foliar feeding of fruit-bearing trees allows you to quickly adjust the nutrition of the plant organism and replenish the missing elements. In addition, this is the most effective way to overcome the effects of micronutrient starvation.
Fertilizers for apple trees
Perennial plants, even at the very good fertilizer planting pits for apple, plum or cherry trees throughout their lives need additional nutrition. Since the root system of trees grows over time, the biological mass increases, the older they are, the higher doses of fertilizers are required.
For the normal development of a two-year-old apple tree seedling, on average, at least 1 bucket of manure, 20 g of urea, 30 g of potassium chloride and 100 g of superphosphate are required. The volume of the same fertilizers for a 3-4-year-old apple tree increases one and a half times. For 5 - 6-year-old trees, it is necessary to apply twice as much, for a 9-10-year-old tree, a fourfold increase in the amount of the same fertilizer is required.
Over time, the diameter of the near-stem circle also grows, into the zone of which deep root dressing is supposed to be applied. In practice, gardeners determine the diameter of the circle by the size of the crown of the plant. The trunk circle of a two-year-old apple tree does not exceed 2 m 2, while the circle of a 10-year-old tree is 4 m 2.
All the basic rules for fertilizing fruit trees apply to the apple tree, but there are some features. Annually, the apple tree needs to be fed with potash fertilizers. A lack of potassium leads to a deterioration in the development of roots, uneven ripening of apples (they have an unripe appearance), and a delay in leaf fall. With a shortage of phosphorus in an apple tree, the vegetation period is prolonged and the winter hardiness of the tree is reduced. It is better to apply all nitrogen-containing fertilizers under the apple tree in the spring, and phosphorus and potash fertilizers should be applied in the fall.